OS / TCP TTL Mismatch

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BotRefund combines browser, network, device, and behavior evidence to identify invalid traffic.

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Detection approach

The client's HTTP User-Agent claimed one operating system (e.g. Windows), but low-level TCP SYN packet analysis revealed an execution stack belonging to a different OS (e.g. Linux/Unix). This is a definitive fingerprint of emulators or desktop proxy configurations running under forged headers.

How this helps detect bots

Collect this signal alongside session context, request metadata, and other independent indicators. A single anomaly is a lead, not a verdict; corroborating anomalies make automated traffic more likely.

Legitimate traffic to consider

Web developers explicitly spoofing their User-Agent strings using browser extensions for responsive site testing.

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