IP Address Inconsistency

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BotRefund combines browser, network, device, and behavior evidence to identify invalid traffic.

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Detection approach

The HTTP Beacon and out-of-band HTTPS Netprobe requests resolved through different IP addresses. This confirms multi-routing tunnels, residential proxy rotation, or active gateway hopping.

How this helps detect bots

Collect this signal alongside session context, request metadata, and other independent indicators. A single anomaly is a lead, not a verdict; corroborating anomalies make automated traffic more likely.

Legitimate traffic to consider

Mobile users on cellular networks where IP addresses rotate dynamically between different gateway nodes during active browsing.

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